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The Cincinnati riot of 1853 was triggered by the visit of then-Archbishop (later, Cardinal) Gaetano Bedini, the emissary of Pope Pius IX, to Cincinnati, Ohio, USA on 21 December 1853. The German Liberal population of the city, many of whom had come to America after the Revolutions of 1848, identified Cardinal Bedini with their "reactionary" opponents.〔 An armed mob of about 500 German men with 100 women following marched on the home of Bishop John Purcell, protesting the visit. One protester was killed and more than 60 were arrested.〔 ==Build-up== Bedini was sent to America to deal with a number of disputes over church property. The central argument was over whether ownership of a church and its land should remain with the board of trustees appointed by the congregation, or should be transferred to the bishop as representative of the church. The issue was controversial, since many Protestants and Liberals thought that the "Church of Rome" had no right to own property in the United States. Unfortunately, Bedini not only lacked tact and experience in diplomacy, but he was already despised by many Americans for his minor role in overthrowing the Anti-Papal Roman Republic in 1849.〔 At the time of the Archbishop's visit, anti-Catholic feelings were strong in Cincinnati. Archbishop John Purcell had alienated many people by objecting to taxing Catholics for support of public schools.〔 Hearing of Bedini's visit, the ''Daily Commercial'' printed a very unfavorable article, and the Freemen's ''Hochwächter'' started printing scurrilous articles calling him the "Butcher of Bologna". The Nativist Know-Nothing Party singled Bedini out as a target for attack. The German-American "Forty Eighters" of Cincinnati were in full support of the Nativists at this time.〔 However, Cincinnati's German-Americans were far from unified. The Dreissiger (Thirtiers), who had left Germany in the 1830s to escape political repression, were against activism and the German Catholics defended their religion.〔 On the day of Bedini's arrival, the ''Hochwächter'' published an article that began: "Reader, dost thou know who Bedini is? Lo! there is blood on his hands - human blood! Lo! the skin will not leave his hands which at his command was flayed from Ugo Bassi! Lo! a murderer, a butcher of men..." The article went on to essentially demand the Cardinal's assassination, appealing specifically to the Freimänner (Society of Freemen), about 1,200 men with a meeting house in the Over-the-Rhine section of the city.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cincinnati riot of 1853」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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